SUPERCONDUCTIVITY IN LAYERED AND HIGH-TEMPERATURE MATERIALS: MECHANISMS, PROPERTIES, AND APPLICATIONS

Abstract

Superconductivity, the phenomenon of zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields below a critical temperature, has been a cornerstone of condensed matter physics. Layered materials, including cuprates, iron-based superconductors, and other high-temperature superconductors (HTS), exhibit unconventional mechanisms distinct from classical BCS theory. This paper reviews the crystal structure and electronic properties of layered superconductors, pairing mechanisms, transport and magnetic phenomena, and technological applications in power transmission, quantum devices, and magnetic sensors. Challenges related to material synthesis, vortex dynamics, and device integration are discussed, along with future prospects in next-generation superconducting technologies.