Ahmed Al-Hassan, Mohammed A. Khan, Fatima Noor

Abstract

Two-dimensional (2D) magnetic materials, such as CrI₃, Cr₂Ge₂Te₆, and Fe₃GeTe₂, have emerged as platforms for exploring low-dimensional magnetism and spin-dependent phenomena. Coupled with van der Waals heterostructures, these materials enable the design of atomically thin devices with tunable electronic, optical, and magnetic properties. This paper reviews the synthesis methods, magnetic properties, interlayer coupling, and spintronic applications of 2D magnets. Challenges related to stability, integration, and scalable fabrication are discussed, along with future directions for next-generation spintronic and quantum devices.