TOPOLOGICAL INSULATORS: QUANTUM STATES, TRANSPORT PROPERTIES, AND ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12060/jet-ep-v28.i2-2Keywords:
Topological insulators, surface states, spintronics, quantum transport, condensed matter physics.Abstract
Topological insulators (TIs) represent a novel quantum phase of matter characterized by an insulating bulk and conducting surface states protected by time-reversal symmetry. These surface states exhibit spin-momentum locking and robustness against non-magnetic disorder, making topological insulators promising candidates for applications in spintronics, quantum computing, and low-power electronics. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the theoretical foundations, electronic transport phenomena, experimental realizations, and emerging engineering applications of topological insulators. Current challenges and future research directions are also discussed.