TWO-DIMENSIONAL MATERIALS BEYOND GRAPHENE: ELECTRONIC, OPTICAL, AND ENGINEERING PROPERTIES

Abstract

The discovery of graphene has stimulated extensive research into a broad class of two-dimensional (2D) materials with diverse electronic, optical, and mechanical properties. Beyond graphene, materials such as transition metal dichalcogenides, hexagonal boron nitride, black phosphorus, and MXenes exhibit tunable band gaps, strong light–matter interaction, and enhanced spin–orbit coupling. These properties enable novel applications in nanoelectronics, optoelectronics, sensing, and energy devices. This paper reviews the fundamental physics of 2D materials beyond graphene, their electronic and optical characteristics, experimental synthesis methods, and emerging engineering applications, along with current challenges and future research directions.