QUANTUM DOTS AND NANOSTRUCTURES: ELECTRONIC CONFINEMENT AND DEVICE APPLICATIONS

Abstract

Quantum dots and semiconductor nanostructures exhibit discrete energy levels due to quantum confinement, leading to size-dependent electronic and optical properties. These nanoscale systems bridge atomic physics and bulk solid-state physics, offering unique opportunities for both fundamental research and engineering applications. This paper reviews the physical principles underlying quantum confinement, electronic structure, and carrier dynamics in quantum dots, discusses fabrication and characterization techniques, and highlights applications in optoelectronics, biomedical imaging, and quantum information technologies.